HSTS, una defensa contra MITM y sslstrip
Siempre escuchamos que debemos, al menos, asegurarnos que nuestra navegación viaja sobre HTTPs cuando debemos introducir contraseñas y/o acceder a sitos de información confidencial. Pero…¿Es HTTPs una garantía absoluta de que nuestras comunicaciones son realmente seguras?. En las tecnologías de la información nunca podremos hablar de un 100% de seguridad, y siempre debemos estar atentos a multiples circunstancias que pudieran ser aprovechadas para vulnerar nuestras comunicaciones. En este artículo introducimos un ataque clásico y eficaz contra conexiones seguras (sslstrip) y un mecanismo relativamente reciente que lo mitiga (hsts). ¿Puede considerarse HSTS el final de SSLStrip? Veamos.
Ataques Man in the Middle y SSLStrip
El ataque de hombre en el medio o MITM (del inglés Man in the Middle) es una de las técnicas mas frecuentemente utilizadas por su implementación, relativamente sencilla, y por la eficacia de sus resultados. No obstante el uso de SSL/TLS y el uso de criptografía en las comunicaciones ha puesto siempre en jaque este tipo de interceptación de tráfico. Ante esta dificultad los ataques han tratado de sacar partido de debilidades en las suites de cifrado negociadas en una conexión segura, como BEAST, CRIME o BREACH o en vulnerabilidades SSL como Heartbleed. Actualizaciones, parches y otros condicionantes hacen que estas circunstancias no sean, en general, sencillas de explotar.
Otra técnica muy conocida y utilizada ampliamente durante un buen periodo de tiempo es SSLStrip. SSLstrip fue presentado por Moxie Marlinspike en la Black Hat 2009, y demostraba una genial idea para interceptar conexiones HTTPS donde, en lugar de atacar el cifrado entre el cliente y el servidor se engaña al cliente, interponiéndose en mitad de la conexión. De este modo, SSLStrip hace de pasarela, intercepta el tráfico HTTP, evita que llegue un mensaje de redirección a HTTPS por parte del servidor y a continuación establece y mantiene dos conexiones: una HTTP sin cifrar con el cliente (víctima) y otra con el servidor HTTPS, manejando las cookies y la sesión para hacer creer a la víctima que está bajo una conexión segura cuando en realidad todo el tráfico va sin cifrar.
Durante un buen periodo de tiempo esta técnica dio excelentes frutos puesto que, para el servidor todo era correcto (conexion segura) y para también para el cliente, el cual no es consciente de que la conexión no es cifrada. Algunas contramedidas contra este ataque pasaban por utilizar plugins de navegador para forzar HTTPS hasta que apareció una mejora en el protocolo denominada HSTS.
HSTS: HTTP Strict Transport Security
HSTS, acrónimo para HTTP Strict Transport Security, nace con el objetivo de evitar ataques de interceptación en conexiones HTTPS. La idea principal es introducir una nueva cabecera HTTP denominada Strict-Transport-Security, la cual puede ser enviada por un servidor al navegador cliente para fijar una política que obligue a usar únicamente conexiones seguras SSL/TLS y de como manejar las mismas con el servidor. En una política HSTS hay dos parámetros principales:
- max-age, seguida de un número que representa el tiempo en segundos en que un navegador debe utilizar siempre HTTPS para la conexión con el dominio concreto incluso si se escribe específicamente «http://» en el barra de direcciones. Pasado ese tiempo el navegador recupera el comportamiento habitual.
- IncludeSubdomains es otro parámetro opcional, que indicaría además al cliente que todo subdominio debe ser accedido igualmente estrictamente bajo HTTPS. Esta opción ha de ser utilizada con cuidado para evitar dejar fuera de contexto posibles alias o hospedajes bajo un CDN.
Un ejemplo de la cabecera de respuesta HSTS de conexión con un servidor web puede ser el siguiente:
Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31556926; includeSubDomains
Este campo de la cabecera establece que ,durante un año (max-age=31556926) tanto el dominio solicitado como todos sus subdominios (includeSubDomains) han de ser accedidos únicamente utilizando HTTPs.
Adicionalmente, una política HSTS también previene que un usuario pueda aceptar un certificado autofirmado o cualquier irregularidad al registrarse y recordarse la CA que firma un dominio ya visitado.
Un aspecto importante a tener en cuenta es, que cuando se visita por primera vez un servidor con HSTS se recibirán la cabecera Strict-Transport-Security y los parámetros fijados, momento desde el cual el navegador reconocerá el sitio y aplicará la política HSTS hasta su expiración. Esta primera visita es un punto vulnerable puesto que aún el navegador no tiene información sobre el sitio en concreto. Lo mismo ocurre cuando la política caduca.
De este modo al igual que hace SSLStrip con el manejo de una sesión HTTPs, en un ataque man in the middle se podrían eliminar las cabeceras HSTS en la primera visita (vulnerabilidad Bootstrap man in the middle) y así de este modo evitar que el navegador reciba esta notificación y aplique una política estricta. Sin embargo del mismo modo que en la parte servidora, también es posible establecer en el navegador (parte cliente) «listas precargadas» de dominios, a los que se aplicará una política estricta independientemente de que sea la primera vez que se visita el sitio HTTPS. Este mecanismo evitaría el Bootstrap man in the middle. En algunos navegadores se pueden consultar y/o añadir elementos de estas listas, por ejemplo en Chrome accediendo a la URI: chrome://net-internals/#hsts
– HSTS: Configuración de listas precargadas en Chrome –
Consideraciones de seguridad en HSTS
Entonces…. ¿podemos considerar HTTP Strict Transport Security el mecanismo que acaba definitivamente con los ataques SSLStrip y similares?. No, y tal y como se describe en el propio RFC de HSTS existen diversos vectores de ataque entre ellos ataques basados en NTP o DNS poisoning y que convenientemente explotados pueden servir para evitar la protección ofrecida por HSTS.
En un próximo artículo echaremos un vistazo a algunas aproximaciones que hacen uso de esos vectores como por ejemplo, SSLStrip+ o Delorean.
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